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Thursday, 20 August 2015

Favourite sites and blogs

  • Oracle-Base
    Tim Hall’s site of concise articles and new feature guides is one of the best resources for getting a feel for a new Oracle release, especially for database developers.

oracle forums

  • OTN SQL-PL/SQL Forum
    Some very high quality Oracle developers share their knowledge on this forum.
  • OraFAQ
    Has some good developers answering a lot of questions on a wide range of categories.

Favorite Websites (References)

    Wednesday, 19 August 2015

    TOAD - Privileges required for Debugging Oracle Procedure


    The following privileges are required for debugger:
    1. GRANT ALTER SESSION TO user_name;
    2. GRANT CREATE SESSION TO user_name;
    3. GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_DEBUG to user_name;

    Minimum requirements to debug other than your own procedures, functions, and packages:
    1. GRANT ALTER ANY PROCEDURE TO user_name; (compile)
    2. GRANT CREATE ANY PROCEDURE TO user_name; (edit / save)

    The following additional privileges are required for debugger inversion 10g and any version released after that:
    1. GRANT DEBUG ANY PROCEDURE TO user_name;
    2. GRANT DEBUG CONNECT SESSION TO user_name;

    Also, verify that the DBMS_DEBUG package in the sys schema is valid.
    After the above, EXIT and RESTART Toad.

    References:http://rupamverma.blogspot.com/2010/09/toad-privileges-required-for-debugging.html

    Famous Quotes

    1. Give a man a fish; feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish; feed him for a lifetime.

    2. We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give. "Winston Churchill"

    Oracle Application's URL from back end

    option 1

    SELECT home_url
       FROM icx_parameters

    option 2


    Select PROFILE_OPTION_VALUE
    From   FND_PROFILE_OPTION_VALUES
    WHERE  PROFILE_OPTION_ID =
           (SELECT PROFILE_OPTION_ID
            FROM FND_PROFILE_OPTIONS
            WHERE PROFILE_OPTION_NAME ='APPS_FRAMEWORK_AGENT')
            AND LEVEL_VALUE=0;

    Find concurrent program & Request set attached to a responsibility

    I have a concurrent program which I want to submit .. but here is the problem. I dont know which responsibility this program is attached to. No wonder .. below is the query that can be used to find the list of responsibilities to which the programs is attached to.

    Query to find concurrent program
        select frt.responsibility_name, frg.request_group_name,
        frgu.request_unit_type,frgu.request_unit_id,
        fcpt.user_concurrent_program_name
        From fnd_Responsibility fr, fnd_responsibility_tl frt,
        fnd_request_groups frg, fnd_request_group_units frgu,
        fnd_concurrent_programs_tl fcpt
        where frt.responsibility_id = fr.responsibility_id
        and frg.request_group_id = fr.request_group_id
        and frgu.request_group_id = frg.request_group_id
        and fcpt.concurrent_program_id = frgu.request_unit_id
        and frt.language = USERENV('LANG')
        and fcpt.language = USERENV('LANG')
        and fcpt.user_concurrent_program_name = :conc_prg_name
        order by 1,2,3,4
    


    Query to find Request Set
        select frt.responsibility_name, frg.request_group_name,
        frgu.request_unit_type,frgu.request_unit_id,
        fcpt.user_request_set_name
        From apps.fnd_Responsibility fr, apps.fnd_responsibility_tl frt,
        apps.fnd_request_groups frg, apps.fnd_request_group_units frgu,
        apps.fnd_request_Sets_tl fcpt
        where frt.responsibility_id = fr.responsibility_id
        and frg.request_group_id = fr.request_group_id
        and frgu.request_group_id = frg.request_group_id
        and fcpt.request_set_id = frgu.request_unit_id
        and frt.language = USERENV('LANG')
        and fcpt.language = USERENV('LANG')
        and fcpt.user_request_set_name = :request_set_name
        order by 1,2,3,4

    Delete Cache in Oracle Apps R12

    Many people are still are not aware on how to delete cache without taking DBA's help.

    Here is the Navigation for the same

    1)Go to Functional Administrator
    2)Click on Core Services Tab
    3)Click on Caching Framework Tab
    4)Within Caching framework click on Global configuration
    5)Under Cache policy click on "Clear ALL Cache" Button
    5) Click on Apply

    Oracle Analytic Functions

    Analytic Functions

    Introduced in Oracle 8i, analytic functions, also known as windowing functions, allow developers to perform tasks in SQL that were previously confined to procedural languages.
    Related articles.

    Introduction

    Probably the easiest way to understand analytic functions is to start by looking at aggregate functions. An aggregate function, as the name suggests, aggregates data from several rows into a single result row. For example, we might use the AVG aggregate function to give us an average of all the employee salaries in the EMP table.
    SELECT AVG(sal)
    FROM   emp;
    
      AVG(SAL)
    ----------
    2073.21429
    
    SQL>
    The GROUP BY clause allows us to apply aggregate functions to subsets of rows. For example, we might want to display the average salary for each department.
    SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
    FROM   emp
    GROUP BY deptno
    ORDER BY deptno;
    
        DEPTNO   AVG(SAL)
    ---------- ----------
     10 2916.66667
     20  2175
     30 1566.66667
    
    SQL>
    In both cases, the aggregate function reduces the number of rows returned by the query.
    Analytic functions also operate on subsets of rows, similar to aggregate functions in GROUP BY queries, but they do not reduce the number of rows returned by the query. For example, the following query reports the salary for each employee, along with the average salary of the employees within the department.
    SET PAGESIZE 50
    BREAK ON deptno SKIP 1 DUPLICATES
    
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal,
           AVG(sal) OVER (PARTITION BY deptno) AS avg_dept_sal
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL AVG_DEPT_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------
          7782         10       2450   2916.66667
          7839         10       5000   2916.66667
          7934         10       1300   2916.66667
    
          7566         20       2975         2175
          7902         20       3000         2175
          7876         20       1100         2175
          7369         20        800         2175
          7788         20       3000         2175
    
          7521         30       1250   1566.66667
          7844         30       1500   1566.66667
          7499         30       1600   1566.66667
          7900         30        950   1566.66667
          7698         30       2850   1566.66667
          7654         30       1250   1566.66667
    
    14 rows selected.
    
    SQL>
    This time AVG is an analytic function, operating on the group of rows defined by the contents of the OVER clause. This group of rows is known as a window, which is why analytic functions are sometimes referred to as window[ing] functions. Notice how the AVG function is still reporting the departmental average, like it did in the GROUP BY query, but the result is present in each row, rather than reducing the total number of rows returned. This is because analytic functions are performed on a result set after all join, WHEREGROUP BY and HAVING clauses are complete, but before the final ORDER BY operation is performed.

    Analytic Function Syntax

    There are some variations in the syntax of the individual analytic functions, but the basic syntax for an analytic function is as follows.
    analytic_function([ arguments ]) OVER (analytic_clause)
    The analytic_clause breaks down into the following optional elements.
    [ query_partition_clause ] [ order_by_clause [ windowing_clause ] ]
    The sub-elements of the analytic_clause each have their own syntax diagrams, shown here. Rather than repeat the syntax diagrams, the following sections describe what each section of the analytic_clause is used for.

    query_partition_clause

    The query_partition_clause divides the result set into partitions, or groups, of data. The operation of the analytic function is restricted to the boundary imposed by these partitions, similar to the way a GROUP BYclause affects the action of an aggregate function. If the query_partition_clause is omitted, the whole result set is treated as a single partition. The following query uses an empty OVER clause, so the average presented is based on all the rows of the result set.
    CLEAR BREAKS
    
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal,
           AVG(sal) OVER () AS avg_sal
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL    AVG_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
          7369         20        800 2073.21429
          7499         30       1600 2073.21429
          7521         30       1250 2073.21429
          7566         20       2975 2073.21429
          7654         30       1250 2073.21429
          7698         30       2850 2073.21429
          7782         10       2450 2073.21429
          7788         20       3000 2073.21429
          7839         10       5000 2073.21429
          7844         30       1500 2073.21429
          7876         20       1100 2073.21429
          7900         30        950 2073.21429
          7902         20       3000 2073.21429
          7934         10       1300 2073.21429
    
    SQL>
    If we change the OVER clause to include a query_partition_clause based on the department, the averages presented are specifically for the department the employee belongs too.
    BREAK ON deptno SKIP 1 DUPLICATES
    
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal,
           AVG(sal) OVER (PARTITION BY deptno) AS avg_dept_sal
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL AVG_DEPT_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------
          7782         10       2450   2916.66667
          7839         10       5000   2916.66667
          7934         10       1300   2916.66667
    
          7566         20       2975         2175
          7902         20       3000         2175
          7876         20       1100         2175
          7369         20        800         2175
          7788         20       3000         2175
    
          7521         30       1250   1566.66667
          7844         30       1500   1566.66667
          7499         30       1600   1566.66667
          7900         30        950   1566.66667
          7698         30       2850   1566.66667
          7654         30       1250   1566.66667
    
    SQL>

    order_by_clause

    The order_by_clause is used to order rows, or siblings, within a partition. So if an analytic function is sensitive to the order of the siblings in a partition you should include an order_by_clause. The following query uses the FIRST_VALUE function to return the first salary reported in each department. Notice we have partitioned the result set by the department, but there is no order_by_clause.
    BREAK ON deptno SKIP 1 DUPLICATES
    
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal, 
           FIRST_VALUE(sal IGNORE NULLS) OVER (PARTITION BY deptno) AS first_sal_in_dept
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL FIRST_SAL_IN_DEPT
    ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
          7782         10       2450              2450
          7839         10       5000              2450
          7934         10       1300              2450
    
          7566         20       2975              2975
          7902         20       3000              2975
          7876         20       1100              2975
          7369         20        800              2975
          7788         20       3000              2975
    
          7521         30       1250              1250
          7844         30       1500              1250
          7499         30       1600              1250
          7900         30        950              1250
          7698         30       2850              1250
          7654         30       1250              1250
    
    SQL>
    Now compare the values of the FIRST_SAL_IN_DEPT column when we include an order_by_clause to order the siblings by ascending salary.
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal, 
           FIRST_VALUE(sal IGNORE NULLS) OVER (PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY sal ASC NULLS LAST) AS first_val_in_dept
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL FIRST_VAL_IN_DEPT
    ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
          7934         10       1300              1300
          7782         10       2450              1300
          7839         10       5000              1300
    
          7369         20        800               800
          7876         20       1100               800
          7566         20       2975               800
          7788         20       3000               800
          7902         20       3000               800
    
          7900         30        950               950
          7654         30       1250               950
          7521         30       1250               950
          7844         30       1500               950
          7499         30       1600               950
          7698         30       2850               950
    
    SQL>
    In this case the "ASC NULLS LAST" keywords are unnecessary as ASC is the default for an order_by_clause and NULLS LAST is the default for ASC orders. When ordering by DESC, the default is NULLS FIRST.
    It is important to understand how the order_by_clause affects display order. The order_by_clause is guaranteed to affect the order of the rows as they are processed by the analytic function, but it may not always affect the display order. As a result, you must always use a conventional ORDER BY clause in the query if display order is important. Do not rely on any implicit ordering done by the analytic function. Remember, the conventional ORDER BY clause is performed after the analytic processing, so it will always take precedence.

    windowing_clause

    We have seen previously the query_partition_clause controls the window, or group of rows, the analytic operates on. The windowing_clause gives some analytic functions a further degree of control over this window within the current partition. The windowing_clause is an extension of the order_by_clause and as such, it can only be used if an order_by_clause is present. The windowing_clause has two basic forms.
    RANGE BETWEEN start_point AND end_point
    ROWS BETWEEN start_point AND end_point
    Possible values for "start_point" and "end_point" are:
    • UNBOUNDED PRECEDING : The window starts at the first row of the partition. Only available for start points.
    • UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING : The window ends at the last row of the partition. Only available for end points.
    • CURRENT ROW : The window starts or ends at the current row. Can be used as start or end point.
    • value_expr PRECEDING : A physical or logical offset before the current row using a constant or expression that evaluates to a positive numerical value. When used with RANGE, it can also be an interval literal if theorder_by_clause uses a DATE column.
    • value_expr FOLLOWING : As above, but an offset after the current row.
    The documentation states the start point must always be before the end point, but this is not true, as demonstrated by this rather silly, but valid, query.
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal, 
           AVG(sal) OVER (PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY sal ROWS BETWEEN 0 PRECEDING AND 0 PRECEDING) AS avg_of_current_sal
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL AVG_OF_CURRENT_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------
          7934         10       1300               1300
          7782         10       2450               2450
          7839         10       5000               5000
    
          7369         20        800                800
          7876         20       1100               1100
          7566         20       2975               2975
          7788         20       3000               3000
          7902         20       3000               3000
    
          7900         30        950                950
          7654         30       1250               1250
          7521         30       1250               1250
          7844         30       1500               1500
          7499         30       1600               1600
          7698         30       2850               2850
    
    SQL>
    In fact, the start point must be before or equal to the end point. In addition, the current row does not have to be part of the window. The window can be defined to start and end before or after the current row.
    For analytic functions that support the windowing_clause, the default action is "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW". The following query is similar to one used previously to report the employee salary and average department salary, but now we have included an order_by_clause so we also get the default windowing_clause.
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal, 
           AVG(sal) OVER (PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY sal) AS avg_dept_sal_sofar
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL AVG_DEPT_SAL_SOFAR
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------
          7934         10       1300               1300
          7782         10       2450               1875
          7839         10       5000         2916.66667
    
          7369         20        800                800
          7876         20       1100                950
          7566         20       2975               1625
          7788         20       3000               2175
          7902         20       3000               2175
    
          7900         30        950                950
          7654         30       1250               1150
          7521         30       1250               1150
          7844         30       1500             1237.5
          7499         30       1600               1310
          7698         30       2850         1566.66667
    
    SQL>
    There are two things to notice here.
    • The addition of the order_by_clause without a windowing_clause means the query is now returning a running average.
    • The default windowing_clause is "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW", not "ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW". The fact it is RANGE, not ROWS, means it stops at the first occurrence of the value in the current row, even if that is several rows earlier. As a result, duplicate rows are only included in the average when the salary value changes. You can see this in the last two records of department 20 and in the second and third records of department 30.
    In my opinion, the default windowing_clause should have been "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING". This would make the accidental inclusion of the windowing_clausemuch less confusing.
    The following query shows one method for accessing data from previous and following rows within the current row using the windowing_clause. This can also be accomplished with LAG and LEAD.
    CLEAR BREAKS
    
    SELECT empno, deptno, sal, 
           FIRST_VALUE(sal) OVER (ORDER BY sal ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS previous_sal,
           LAST_VALUE(sal) OVER (ORDER BY sal ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS next_sal
    FROM   emp;
    
         EMPNO     DEPTNO        SAL PREVIOUS_SAL   NEXT_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------
          7369         20        800          800        950
          7900         30        950          800       1100
          7876         20       1100          950       1250
          7521         30       1250         1100       1250
          7654         30       1250         1250       1300
          7934         10       1300         1250       1500
          7844         30       1500         1300       1600
          7499         30       1600         1500       2450
          7782         10       2450         1600       2850
          7698         30       2850         2450       2975
          7566         20       2975         2850       3000
          7788         20       3000         2975       3000
          7902         20       3000         3000       5000
          7839         10       5000         3000       5000
    
    SQL>

    Using Analytic Functions

    The best way to understand what analytic functions are capable of is to play around with them. This article contains links to other articles I've written about specific analytic functions and the following documentation links list all analytic functions available in Oracle 12c Release 1. The "*" indicates that these functions allow for the full analytic syntax, including the windowing_clause.
    For more information see:

    TOAD SQL Editor

    Predefined Shortcuts

    Keyboard shortcuts are one of the features that make TOAD so powerful and easy to use. TOAD comes with a host of predefined shortcuts. These shortcuts save keystrokes and mouse actions and perform a variety of tasks such as issuing a describe on the current highlighted object, or find (find next, find previous, and so on). The shortcuts differ slightly between the SQL Editor and the PL/SQL Editor (covered in Chapter 4). This section focuses on the shortcuts for the SQL Editor only.
    Table 3.1 shows all the shortcuts in keystroke order and Table 3.2 shows all the shortcuts in description order. The third column refers you to the figure in this chapter where the shortcut is illustrated.

    Table 3.1 SQL Editor Shortcuts by Keystroke

    Shortcut
    Description
    Illustration
    F1
    Windows Help File

    F2
    Toggle Output Window
    Shift+F2
    Toggle Data Grid Window

    F3
    Find Next Occurrence

    Shift+F3
    Find Previous Occurrence

    F4
    Describe Table, View, Procedure, Function
    F5
    Execute SQL as a script
    F6
    Toggle between SQL Editor and Results Panel
    F7
    Clear All Text

    F8
    Recall Previous SQL Statement

    F9
    Execute Statement
    Ctrl+F9
    Set Code Execution Parameters
    Shift+F9
    Execute Current SQL statement at Cursor

    F10 or right-click
    Pop-up Menu
    Ctrl+F12
    External Editor, Pass Contents
    Ctrl+A
    Select All Text

    Ctrl+C
    Copy

    Ctrl+E
    Execute Explain Plan on the Current Statement
    Ctrl+F
    Find Text

    Ctrl+G
    Goto Line

    Ctrl+L
    Convert Text to Lowercase

    Ctrl+M
    Make Code Statement

    Ctrl+N
    Recall Named SQL Statement

    Ctrl+O
    Open a Text File

    Ctrl+P
    Strip Code Statement

    Ctrl+R
    Find and Replace

    Ctrl+S
    Save File

    Shift+Ctrl+S
    Save File As
    Ctrl+T
    Columns Drop-down

    Shift+Ctrl+R
    Alias Replacement

    Shift+Ctrl+T
    Columns Drop-Down no alias
    Ctrl+Spacebar
    Code Templates
    Ctrl+U
    Converts Text to Uppercase

    Ctrl+V
    Paste

    Ctrl+X
    Cut

    Ctrl+Z
    Undo Last Change

    Ctrl+.
    Display Pop-up List of Matching Table Names
    Shift+Ctrl+Z
    Redo Last Undo

    Alt+Up Arrow
    Display Previous Statement
    Alt+Down Arrow
    Display Next Statement (After Alt+Up Arrow)
    Ctrl+Home
    In the data grid: goes to the top of the record set

    Ctrl+End
    In the data grid: goes to the end of the record set

    Ctrl+Tab
    Cycles through the Collection of MDI Child Windows


    TIP
    The competent TOAD user makes use of Shift+F9 to execute SQL statements one at a time out of a script, and F8 to recall the previous SQL statement. The TOAD user also makes use of cut and paste to move code between TOAD windows.
    Shift+F9 executes single SQL statements.
    F8 recalls the previous SQL statement.

    Table 3.2 SQL Editor Shortcuts by Description

    Description
    Shortcut
    Illustration
    Alias Replacement
    Shift+Ctrl+R

    Clear All Text
    F7

    Code Templates
    Ctrl+Spacebar
    Columns Drop-down
    Ctrl+T
    Columns Drop-down no alias
    Shift+Ctrl+T
    Convert Text to Lowercase
    Ctrl+L

    Convert Text to Uppercase
    Ctrl+U

    Copy
    Ctrl+C

    Cut
    Ctrl+X

    Cycles through the Collection of MDI Child Windows
    Ctrl+Tab

    Describe Table, View, Procedure, Function, or Package
    F4
    Display Next Statement (After Alt+Up Arrow)
    Alt+Down Arrow
    Display Previous Statement
    Alt+Up Arrow
    Display Pop-up List of Matching Table Names
    Ctrl+.
    Execute Current SQL Statement at Cursor
    Shift+F9

    Execute SQL as a Script
    F5
    Execute Explain Plan on the Current SQL Statement
    Ctrl+E
    Execute SQL Statement
    F9
    External Editor, Pass Contents
    Ctrl+F12
    Find and Replace
    Ctrl+R

    Find Next Occurrence
    F3

    Find Previous Occurrence
    Shift+F3

    Find Text
    Ctrl+F

    Goto Line
    Ctrl+G

    In the data grid: goes to the end of the record set
    Ctrl+End

    In the data grid: goes to the top of the record set
    Ctrl+Home

    Make Code Statement
    Ctrl+M

    Open a Text File
    Ctrl+O

    Paste
    Ctrl+V

    Pop-up Menu
    F10 or RT-Mouse
    Recall Named SQL
    Ctrl+N

    Recall Previous SQL Statement
    F8

    Redo Last Undo
    Shift+Ctrl+Z

    Save File
    Ctrl+S
    Save File As
    Shift+Ctrl+S
    Select All Text
    Ctrl+A

    Strip Code Statement
    Ctrl+P

    Toggle between SQL Editor and Results Panel
    F6
    Toggle Full Screen Editor
    F2
    Undo Last Change
    Ctrl+Z

    Verify Statement Without Execution (Parse)
    Ctrl+F9

    Windows Help File
    F1



    Reference : http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=31544&seqNum=2